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Missing values are intended observations that are absent from a dataset, and the way they are handled can materially affect the validity of an analysis. What matters is the mechanism: data missing completely at random are unrelated to any values, data missing at random can be explained by other observed variables, and data missing not at random depend on the unobserved value itself, the last being the most problematic and difficult to address. Naive approaches, such as analysing only complete cases or substituting simple averages, can introduce bias and understate uncertainty, whereas principled methods such as multiple imputation, which reflect the uncertainty of the missing information, are generally preferred. Understanding why data are missing, and analysing them appropriately, is important to obtaining unbiased estimates of a technology's effect and cost.

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Market Access Analytics and Insight

Our Market Research & Analysis service is uniquely tailored for the medical device & Life…

NICE HTA Strategy and Submission

NICE HTA Strategy and Submission

Navigate the complexities of NICE Health Technology Assessment (HTA) submissions with our expert strategic guidance.…

Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR)

Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR)

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Strategy Development

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Reimbursement Strategy and Support

Reimbursement Strategy and Support

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NHS Drug Tariff Submission Support

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Value Proposition Development for MedTech

Value Proposition Development for MedTech

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Primary Care Market Insights

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Stakeholder Engagement for Health Technologies

Stakeholder Engagement for Health Technologies

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Sustainability and NET Zero for MedTech

Sustainability and NET Zero for MedTech

In an era where sustainability is not just an option but a necessity, MedTech companies…

Evidence Generation and Management

Evidence Generation and Management

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Dashboard Tools for Market Access

Dashboard Tools for Market Access

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MedTech Sales Team Empowerment

MedTech Sales Team Empowerment

The UK's National Health Service (NHS) represents a unique and complex market for MedTech sales.…

NHS MedTech Business Case Formulation

NHS MedTech Business Case Formulation

Securing NHS adoption for MedTech innovations demands not just outstanding technology but also a compelling…